Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War, defending the nation as a constitutional union, defeating the insurgent Confederacy, playing a major role in the abolition of slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, mainly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representative from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the new Republican Party. He reached a national audience in the 1858 Senate campaign debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Lincoln ran for president in 1860, sweeping the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. A little over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the union.
Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to plot his assassination. His Gettysburg Address became one of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended ''habeas corpus'' in Maryland and elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain by defusing the ''Trent'' Affair. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln unsuccessfully pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.
Lincoln is remembered as a martyr and a national hero for his wartime leadership, as well as for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. Accordingly, he is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.
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The mind and art of Abraham Lincoln, philosopher statesman : texts and interpretations of twenty great speeches by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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The writings of Abraham Lincoln by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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The Lincoln-Douglas debates by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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Abraham Lincoln : letters to his generals, 1861-1865 by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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Debates of Lincoln & Douglas. by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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Abraham Lincoln : his book : a facsimile reproduction of the original by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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Complete works of Abraham Lincoln by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
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Complete works, comprising his speeches, letters, state papers, and miscellaneous writings by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
Published 1894Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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The campaign in Illinois : last joint debate : Douglas and Lincoln at Alton, Illinois. by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
Published 1858Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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The president's words : a selection of passages from the speeches, addresses, and letters of Abraham Lincoln. by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
Published 1865Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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The writings of Abraham Lincoln by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
Federal edition.Published 1905Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865, Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861
Published 1908Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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Political debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas in the celebrated campaign of 1858 in Illinois : including the preceding speeches of each at Chicago, Springfield,... by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865, Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861
Published 1895Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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Political debates between Hon. Abraham Lincoln and Hon. Stephen A. Douglas : in the celebrated campaign of 1858, in Illinois; including the preceding speeches of each, at Chicago,... by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865, Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861
Published 1860Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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Political speeches and debates of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, 1854-1861. by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865, Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861
Published 1896Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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In the name of the people : speeches and writings of Lincoln and Douglas in the Ohio campaign of 1859 by Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865, Douglas, Stephen A. (Stephen Arnold), 1813-1861
Published 1959Call Number: Loading…Full text (MCPHS users only) HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World
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The Lincoln mailbag : America writes to the President, 1861-1865
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Lincoln in his own time : a biographical chronicle of his life, drawn from recollections, interviews, and memoirs by family, friends, and associates
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Oration at the raising of "The old flag" at Sumter, and, sermon on the death of Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States by Beecher, Henry Ward, 1813-1887
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