Exposure assessment and safety considerations for working with engineered nanoparticles

Exposure assessment and safety considerations for working with engineered nanoparticles /

Addresses health and safety issues associated with workplace Nanoparticle exposures-'Describes methods to evaluate and control worker exposures to engineered nanoparticles-'Provides guidance for concerned EHS professionals on acceptable levels of exposure to nanoparticles-'Includes do...

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Bibliographic Details
Online Access: Full text (MCPHS users only)
Main Author: Ellenbecker, Michael J.
Other Authors: Tsai, Su-Jung
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2015
Subjects:
Nanotechnology > Safety measures.
Nanostructured materials industry > Employees > Health and hygiene.
Nanotechnology > Health aspects.
Nanoparticles > Toxicology.
Industrial hygiene.
Local Note:ProQuest Ebook Central
Table of Contents:
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • 1.1 WHY A BOOK ON NANOTECHNOLOGY HEALTH AND SAFETY?
  • 1.2 SOME SCENARIOS
  • 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE MATERIAL
  • 1.4 OUR APPROACH TO NANOPARTICLE HEALTH AND SAFETY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 2 What is a Nanoparticle?
  • 2.1 NANOTECHNOLOGY, NANOMATERIALS, AND NANOPARTICLES
  • 2.1.1 Nanotechnology
  • 2.1.2 Nanomaterial
  • 2.1.3 Nanoparticle
  • 2.2 NATURALLY OCCURRING NANOPARTICLES
  • 2.3 INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES
  • 2.4 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
  • 2.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes
  • 2.4.2 Fullerenes
  • 2.4.3 Quantum Dots
  • 2.5 EMERGING USES FOR ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
  • 2.6 OTHER USEFUL DEFINITIONS
  • 2.6.1 Aerosol
  • 2.6.2 Particle Inertia
  • 2.6.3 Brownian Motion
  • 2.6.4 Particle Diameter
  • 2.6.5 Agglomerate versus Aggregate
  • 2.7 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 3 Why are we Concerned? The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles
  • 3.1 SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIO
  • 3.2 PARTICLE SIZE
  • 3.3 PARTICLE CONCENTRATION
  • 3.4 DOSE METRICS: PARTICLE NUMBER, SURFACE AREA, MORPHOLOGY, AND SURFACE PROPERTIES
  • 3.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR THE OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPACTS OF NANOPARTICLES
  • 3.5.1 Respiratory Deposition
  • 3.5.2 Skin Penetration
  • 3.6 IMPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL RISKS
  • 3.6.1 Introduction
  • 3.6.2 Current Status
  • 3.6.3 Conclusions
  • 3.7 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 4 Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles
  • 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 4.2 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH INHALATION
  • 4.2.1 Human Respiratory System
  • 4.2.2 Particle Deposition in the Respiratory System
  • 4.3 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH DERMAL CONTACT
  • 4.4 ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLE EXPOSURE THROUGH INGESTION
  • 4.5 TRANSLOCATION OF NANOPARTICLES FROM THE LUNG
  • 4.6 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 5 Current Knowledge on the Toxicity of Nanoparticles
  • 5.1 INTRODUCTION.
  • 5.2 THE TOXICITY OF INDUSTRIAL NANOPARTICLES
  • 5.3 NANOPARTICLE TOXICITY: GENERAL CONCEPTS
  • 5.3.1 Routes of Exposure
  • 5.3.2 In Vivo and In Vitro Testing
  • 5.4 CARBON NANOTUBES
  • 5.5 FULLERENES
  • 5.6 QUANTUM DOTS
  • 5.7 METAL-BASED NANOPARTICLES
  • 5.8 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 6 Sources of Exposure
  • 6.1 OVERVIEW OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
  • 6.2 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN RESEARCH FACILITIES
  • 6.3 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES IN MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
  • 6.4 EXPOSURE POTENTIAL FOR ENPs IN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL STATES
  • 6.4.1 Dry Powders
  • 6.4.2 Liquid Suspensions
  • 6.4.3 ENPs Bound to a Solid
  • 6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
  • 6.5.1 Environmental Releases
  • 6.5.2 Exposures Through a Product's Life Cycle
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 7 Evaluation of Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles
  • 7.1 CURRENT KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
  • 7.2 EXPOSURE TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES BY INHALATION
  • 7.2.1 Mass Sampling
  • 7.2.2 Surface Area Measurement
  • 7.2.3 Number Concentration Measurement
  • 7.2.4 Conversion between Number, Surface Area, and Mass Concentrations
  • 7.2.5 Particle Characterization
  • 7.3 DERMAL EXPOSURES TO ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES
  • 7.4 EVALUATION OF EXPOSURES IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
  • 7.4.1 Introduction
  • 7.4.2 Sample Collection
  • 7.4.3 Measurement Methods
  • 7.4.4 Exposure Characterization in Aquatic Environments
  • Appendix 7.A.1: Derivation of Nanoparticle Displacement by Diffusion
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 8 Exposure Characterization
  • 8.1 EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION STEPS
  • 8.1.1 Standard Occupational Hygiene Models
  • 8.1.2 Exposure Characterization for Nanomaterials
  • 8.2 EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT STRATEGIES
  • 8.2.1 Single-Location Measurement
  • 8.2.2 Multiple-Location Measurement
  • 8.2.3 Near-Field and Far-Field Measurement.
  • 8.2.4 Dynamic Personal Sampling Measurement
  • 8.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
  • 8.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
  • 8.4.1 Pearson Correlation
  • 8.4.2 T-test
  • 8.5 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF AEROSOL SAMPLING AND MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
  • 8.5.1 Aerosol Sampling Techniques
  • 8.5.2 Microscopy Techniques
  • 8.6 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS
  • 8.6.1 Particle Losses
  • 8.6.2 Concentration Measurement versus Particle Samples
  • 8.7 TYPICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES
  • 8.7.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
  • 8.7.2 Composite Manufacture
  • 8.8 CASE STUDY: MANUAL HANDLING OF NANOPARTICLES
  • 8.8.1 Materials and Conditions
  • 8.8.2 Particle Handling
  • 8.8.3 Measurements
  • 8.8.4 Aerosol Particle Characterization
  • 8.8.5 Results
  • 8.8.6 Discussion
  • 8.8.7 The Challenge and Brainstorming
  • 8.8.8 Study Questions
  • 8.9 CASE STUDY: SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES
  • 8.9.1 Materials and Synthesis
  • 8.9.2 Measurement
  • 8.9.3 Results
  • 8.9.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming
  • 8.9.5 Study Questions
  • 8.10 CASE STUDY: EXPOSURE FROM TWIN SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING
  • 8.10.1 Materials and Production Process
  • 8.10.2 Measurements
  • 8.10.3 Results
  • 8.10.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming
  • 8.10.5 Study Questions
  • Appendix: 8.A.1 Normalized Size Distributions
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 9 Control of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles
  • 9.1 CONTROL OF AIRBORNE EXPOSURES
  • 9.1.1 General
  • 9.1.2 Laboratory Fume Hoods
  • 9.1.3 Alternatives to Conventional Fume Hoods
  • 9.2 CONTROL OF DERMAL EXPOSURES
  • 9.2.1 General
  • 9.2.2 Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment
  • 9.3 ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND GOOD WORK PRACTICES
  • 9.3.1 Housekeeping
  • 9.3.2 Work Practices
  • 9.3.3 Worker Training
  • 9.4 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
  • 9.4.1 General Considerations
  • 9.4.2 Respirator Designs.
  • 9.5 CASE STUDY: COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS FUME HOODS
  • 9.5.1 Materials and Hoods
  • 9.5.2 Measurements
  • 9.5.3 Results
  • 9.5.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming
  • 9.5.5 Study Questions
  • 9.6 CASE STUDY: PERFORMANCE OF NONTRADITIONAL FUME HOODS
  • 9.6.1 Materials and Hoods
  • 9.6.2 Measurements
  • 9.6.3 Results
  • 9.6.4 The Challenge and Brainstorming
  • 9.6.5 Study Questions
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 10 Control of Environmental Exposures
  • 10.1 CONTROL OF AIR EMISSIONS
  • 10.1.1 Factors Affecting Air Cleaner Performance
  • 10.1.2 Categories of Air Cleaning Devices
  • 10.2 CONTROL OF WATER EMISSIONS
  • 10.3 NANOPARTICLES IN SOLID WASTE
  • 10.4 CONTROL OF EXPOSURES THROUGHOUT A PRODUCT'S LIFE CYCLE
  • 10.5 UNCERTAINTIES AND NEEDED RESEARCH
  • 10.6 CASE STUDY-FILTRATION CONTROL
  • 10.6.1 Materials and Process
  • 10.6.2 The Challenge and Brainstorming
  • 10.6.3 Study Questions
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 11 The Regulatory Environment for Engineered Nanomaterials
  • 11.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH REGULATIONS
  • 11.1.1 Occupational Health Regulations in the European Union
  • 11.1.2 US Occupational Health Regulations
  • 11.1.3 Summary: Occupational Exposure Regulations
  • 11.2 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
  • 11.2.1 US Environmental Regulations
  • 11.2.2 Environmental Regulations in the European Union
  • 11.3 COMPARISON OF NANOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION UNDER TSCA AND REACH
  • 11.3.1 The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof
  • 11.3.2 Differences in Handling New and Existing Chemicals
  • 11.3.3 Volume-Based Thresholds and Exemptions
  • 11.4 PRIVATE LAW
  • 11.5 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Chapter 12 Future Directions in Engineered Nanoparticle Health and Safety
  • 12.1 WHERE WE ARE TODAY
  • 12.1.1 Research Efforts in the United States
  • 12.1.2 Research Efforts in Europe
  • 12.1.3 Progress toward Research Goals
  • 12.2 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS STUDIES.
  • 12.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
  • 12.3.1 Future Needs in Exposure Assessment Techniques
  • 12.3.2 The Development of Occupational Exposure Limits
  • 12.4 OPTIMAL APPROACHES TO CONTROL EXPOSURES
  • 12.4.1 Engineering Control of Occupational Exposures
  • 12.4.2 Control Banding
  • 12.4.3 Respiratory Protection
  • 12.4.4 Safe Work Practices
  • 12.4.5 Air Pollution Control of Nanoparticles
  • 12.4.6 Water Pollution Control of Nanoparticles
  • 12.4.7 Nanoparticles in Waste Streams
  • 12.5 THE FUTURE OF REGULATION
  • 12.6 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Index
  • EULA.

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